Ökonom: "Putin wird das Geld nicht ausgehen"

Russische Armeeflugzeuge anlässlich einer Parade in Moskau

Die russische Wirtschaft ist im vergangenen Jahr angesichts der massiven Investitionen in Rüstung um 3,6 Prozent gewachsen. Heuer zeigen sich aber „deutliche Überhitzungserscheinungen“, heißt es in der Frühjahrsprognose des Wiener Instituts für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche (WIIW). Diese umfasst 23 Länder in der Region Mittel- Ost und Südosteuropa (siehe Infobox). Wachsen wird das russische Bruttoinlandsprodukt zwar weiter, allerdings mit voraussichtlich 2,8 Prozent deutlich langsamer.

„Fachkräftemangel und Kriegskeynesianismus ließen die Reallöhne im vergangenen Jahr um fast 8 Prozent steigen, was den privaten Konsum um 6,5 Prozent anziehen ließ“, sagt WIIW-Russlandeyperte Vasily Astrov. Diese Entwicklung könne zwar noch anhalten, die hohen Zinsen von rund acht Prozent dürften den Wirtschafsboom aber einbremsen. 

Die Einnahmen aus dem Export von Öl und Gas sind zwar gesunken, fließen aber weiterhin. Abzuwarten bleibt, wie stark sich die verschärften Sanktionen des Westens über Drittstaaten auswirken. „Putin wird das Geld für den Krieg nicht ausgehen. Für die russische Wirtschaft stellt sich eher die Frage, was nach dem Krieg kommt, da sie momentan vollkommen von ihm abhängig ist“, sagt Astrov. 

Österreichische Firmen sind übrigens vergleichsweise stark in Russland vertreten. Das liegt auch daran, dass Russland den Rückzug erschwert und nicht davor zurückschreckt, Unternehmen de-facto zu beschlagnahmen. Während im internationalen Durchschnitt vier von zehn Unternehmen den Markt verlassen haben, ist es aus Österreich nur jedes vierte.

Hilfe erreicht Ukraine mit Verzögerung

In der Ukraine wird ein Wachstum von 3,2 Prozent erwartet, ermöglicht durch Finanz- und Rüstungshilfe des Westens. Diese kommen allerdings mit Verzögerung an, was die Dynamik bremst. Im Vorjahr verzeichnete die Ukraine noch ein Wirtschaftswachstum von mehr als fünf Prozent. So führe etwa das Fehlen von Flugabwehrraketen dazu, dass etwa Infrastruktur nicht ausreichend geschützt werden könne, wodurch Produktionen ausfallen. Heuer „klafft in der Ukraine eine Finanzierungslücke von 40 Milliarden US-Dollar“ (37,6 Mrd. Euro), sagt WIIW-Ökonomin Olga Pindyuk.

Die EU-Mitglieder in der analysierten Region erwartet heuer ein robustes Wirtschaftswachstum. Mit durchschnittlich 2,5 Prozent sollen diese Volkswirtschaften deutlich stärker wachsen als der Durchschnitt der Eurozone mit 0,6 Prozent. „Die ostmitteleuropäischen EU-Mitglieder setzen damit auch 20 Jahre nach Beginn der EU-Osterweiterung ihren ökonomischen Aufholprozess wieder fort“, sagt Pindyuk.

Olga Pindyuk, WIIW

Besonders stark dürfte das Wachstum in den südosteuropäischen Ländern Rumänien (3 Prozent) und Kroatien (2,9 Prozent) ausfallen. Die Hauptstütze sei dabei der private Konsum, weil die Reallöhne angesichts der sinkenden Inflation steigend. Auch Unterstützung durch EU-Gelder spielt eine Rolle. Probleme gebe es noch in der Industrie, insbesondere in den Ländern, die wirtschaftlich stark mit Deutschland verwoben sind, also Polen, Tschechien, Slowakei und Ungarn. Hier bleibt auf eine Erholung ab 2025 zu hoffen. Außerhalb der EU erwartet die Türkei ein Wachstum von 3,4 Prozent, Montenegro sogar von 4,2 Prozent.

Unsicherheit ergebe sich aus den anhaltenden Spannungen im Nahen Osten. „Ein großer Krieg im Nahen Osten zwischen Israel und dem Iran würde wohl zu einem neuerlichen Energiepreisschock führen und die Inflation wieder befeuern“, sagte Pindyuk. Steigende Gaspreise wären auch zu erwarten, sollte ab 2025 kein russisches Gas mehr über die Ukraine nach Europa fließen. Die Ukraine hat angekündigt, die Durchleitungsverträge nicht zu verlängern – allerdings könnten andere Händler die Pipelinekapazitäten buchen und das Gas transportieren.

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