Sportmediziner klärt auf: Wie gefährlich ist ein Marathon für das Herz?

Der Schweizer Marathonläufer Adrian Lehmann (†34) ist nach einem Herzinfarkt gestorben. Ein Experte erklärt, was die grössten Risikofaktoren für einen Herztod beim Sport sind und welche Phase eines Marathons besonders lebensgefährlich ist.

sportmediziner klärt auf: wie gefährlich ist ein marathon für das herz?

Wie gefährlich ist ein Marathon für das Herz?

Der Tod von Adrian Lehmann (†34) macht betroffen. In der Vorbereitung auf den Zürich-Marathon hat der Spitzenläufer einen Herzinfarkt erlitten, den er nicht überlebte. Die schockierende Nachricht wirft die Frage auf, ob ein Marathon für das Herz eine zu grosse Belastung darstellt. Christian Schmied (52), Facharzt für Kardiologie und Sportmedizin an der Hirslanden Klinik und am Universitätsspital in Zürich, ordnet ein.

1. Sind Spitzensportler stärker gefährdet als Hobbysportler?

«Nein, das kann man so nicht sagen», sagt Schmied. Das Risiko für einen Herztod sei bei Hobbysportlern gleich gross wie bei Spitzensportlern, wenn nicht sogar grösser. Laut einer Studie aus Frankreich ereignen sich über 90 Prozent der Todesfälle im Freizeitsport. Allerdings sei hier zu beachten, dass es vergleichsweise viel mehr Hobbysportler gibt als professionelle Athleten.

2. Wie gefährlich ist ein Marathon für das Herz?

Der Experte sagt: «Eigentlich ist ein Marathon weniger gefährlich für das Herz als ein Fussballmatch oder Basketballspiel.» Denn dort komme zur körperlichen Belastung der psychische Druck hinzu, wenn es beispielsweise darum gehe, einen Rückstand aufzuholen. Dieser Stress kann zu einer Entzündung im Körper führen, was wiederum dem Herz schadet. Wenn ein Marathonläufer aufgrund einer Herzkomplikation sterbe, dann meist auf den letzten zehn Kilometern, sagt Schmied. «Das ist die Phase, in der zu der meist enormen körperlichen Belastung die psychische Belastung hinzukommt.»

3. Was erhöht das Risiko für einen Herztod beim Sport?

Die Intensität der körperlichen Belastung und der Wettkampf an sich spielen gemäss Schmied eine grosse Rolle. «Sehr kompetitive Sportler haben ein grösseres Risiko, an einem Herztod zu sterben, als Sportler, die weniger ambitioniert sind», sagt Schmied. Ausserdem hätten Männer beim Sport ein 9-mal grösseres Risiko als Frauen. Woran das liegt, ist nicht geklärt. Möglich sei es, dass neben hormonellen Ursachen auch der Faktor Stress bei Männern gefährlicher sei.

Ein weiteres Risiko für Herzkomplikationen sei eine «low daily life acitivity», sagt der Experte. Das heisst, jemand trainiert unter der Woche gar nicht und übertreibt es dafür am Wochenende komplett. Nicht zuletzt ist auch das Alter ein entscheidender Faktor. «Im Allgemeinen steigt das Risiko für einen Herztod beim Sport mit zunehmendem Alter an», sagt Schmied. Ab 30 oder 35 Jahren sei ein Herzinfarkt infolge einer Verkalkung der Arterien die grösste Gefahr. Bei Sportlern unter 30 seien in der Regel angeborene Herzerkrankungen die Todesursache.

4. Welche Anzeichen deuten auf eine Herzkomplikation hin?

Ohnmachts- und Schwindelanfälle, ein Druck auf der Brust oder ungewöhnliche Atemnot können gemäss Schmied frühe Anzeichen sein. «Aber häufig merken Sportler nichts von Herzproblemen», sagt er. Eine angeborene Verengung der Herzkranzgefässe bleibe zum Beispiel oft jahrelang unerkannt. Deshalb dürfe sich ein Sportler nicht auf bestimmte Symptome verlassen.

5. Was können Marathonläufer tun, um das Herz zu schützen?

Schmied rät ihnen, alle zwei Jahre die Herzgesundheit überprüfen zu lassen – vor allem aber vor der ersten Teilnahme an einem Marathon oder an einer sonstigen ambitionierten Sportart. «Ärzte können mithilfe einer einfachen Elektrokardiografie die allermeisten angeborenen Herzkrankheiten erkennen.» Bei einer Diagnose könne der Arzt je nach Fall bestimmte Medikamente verschreiben oder Therapien veranlassen, sodass ein Marathonlauf trotzdem möglich sei. Bei älteren Sportlern, bei denen das Risiko für eine Verkalkung der Arterien erhöht ist, kann der Arzt ebenfalls Massnahmen ergreifen. Neben der ärztlichen Untersuchung ist eine gute Marathon-Vorbereitung gemäss Experte massgebend. «Hobbysportler sollten sich dafür mindestens 6 oder noch besser 12 Monate Zeit nehmen.»

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