Sangiuliano: «È doveroso e sacrosanto dichiararsi antifascisti, ma anche anticomunisti»

sangiuliano: «è doveroso e sacrosanto dichiararsi antifascisti, ma anche anticomunisti»

Sangiuliano: «È doveroso e sacrosanto dichiararsi antifascisti, ma anche anticomunisti»

C aro direttore, il 13 aprile 1945, Rolando Rivi, seminarista appena 14enne, veniva assassinato dai partigiani in Emilia. Era poco più di un bambino, lo uccisero dopo averlo sottoposto a sevizie. Su questo tragico episodio c’è una verità giudiziaria, due partigiani sono stati condannati in vari gradi di giudizio dalla giustizia italiana. Poi l’amnistia di Togliatti ha consentito loro di rimanere poco in carcere. Papa Francesco lo ha proclamato beato, la Chiesa lo ha riconosciuto martire colpito in «odium fidei».

È una vicenda tragica e dolorosa poco nota ma esemplare di un clima di terrore che attraversò un pezzo d’Italia all’indomani della fine della Seconda guerra mondiale. Ferruccio Parri, presidente del Consiglio ed esponente antifascista, parlò addirittura di trentamila morti; l’allora ministro dell’Interno, Mario Scelba, democristiano, parlò di diciassettemila vittime, mentre il giornalista e saggista Giorgio Bocca scrisse di quindicimila. Solo una minima parte di questi eccidi riguardò fascisti ed ex fascisti: in molti casi furono colpiti semplici sacerdoti, esponenti cattolici, piccoli possidenti agrari. Giampaolo Pansa meglio di altri ha raccontato e documentato quello che accadde allora. Una parte dei responsabili di questi eccidi fu individuata e denunciata, come emerge dai rapporti dei carabinieri, e risultarono iscritti al Pci.

La partigiana Brigata Osoppo fu massacrata a Porzus da altri partigiani comunisti perché non si era voluta assoggettare al comando del maresciallo jugoslavo Tito, difendendo la sua italianità. Fra le vittime anche il fratello di Pier Paolo Pasolini e uno zio di Francesco De Gregori.

In Italia non c’è stata una dittatura comunista ma c’è stato un partito che ha operato a lungo per instaurarla, finanziariamente e politicamente legato all’Unione Sovietica di Stalin e Breznev, guidato da un leader stalinista. Palmiro Togliatti fu, infatti, fra i massimi dirigenti del Comintern, appena un gradino sotto il leader sovietico. Durante le violente purghe staliniane degli anni Trenta non solo Togliatti non disse una parola su quei massacri ma dopo collaborò allo sterminio di tutti i dirigenti del partito comunista polacco, come scrisse Piero Ostellino, rei di difendere la propria nazione dalle mire di Stalin, e ancora organizzò, in nome e per conto di Stalin, l’assassinio degli anarchici spagnoli, ritenuti non allineati al vero bolscevismo.

Queste questioni sono state sollevate da un’ampia storiografia ma anche da parti politiche: l’esponente socialista Claudio Martelli condusse una coraggiosa polemica proprio sulla figura di Togliatti e le sue responsabilità. Il Pci mantenne a lungo intatta una struttura militare interna che faceva capo al vicesegretario Pietro Secchia, denunciata da vari esponenti democristiani fra cui il partigiano Paolo Emilio Taviani. Mosca aveva ordinato al Pci e ai comunisti francesi di non consegnare le armi migliori.

L’Italia non ha subito una dittatura comunista perché nella logica degli accordi di Yalta finì nell’area di influenza degli Stati Uniti che per fortuna hanno trattenuto una presenza militare. E perché il leader democristiano Alcide De Gasperi ruppe con il Pci e seppe organizzare un forte schieramento dei moderati.

Il Pci, nella stragrande maggioranza, fra cui i più alti dirigenti, giustificò l’invasione sovietica dell’Ungheria del 1956, quando dal partito uscirono per protesta alcuni prestigiosi intellettuali. Nel momento in cui Pietro Ingrao espresse le angosce sulla condanna a morte di Imre Nagy, Togliatti gli rispose: «Non ci pensare, bevi un buon bicchiere di vino e vai a dormire». L’adesione alla violenza sovietica ci sarà anche anni dopo in occasione dell’invasione della Cecoslovacchia. Renato Mieli, acuto intellettuale, giornalista, racconterà in un bellissimo libro, «Deserto rosso», il clima e la sottomissione totale a Mosca di quel periodo.

Solo alla metà degli anni Settanta, Enrico Berlinguer intraprese (e di questo gli va dato atto) un percorso per un totale distacco dall’Urss e la costruzione di quello che definì l’eurocomunismo. Ma ci volle la caduta del Muro di Berlino e la decisione di cambiare nome al Pci per far riconoscere agli esponenti di quel partito le responsabilità materiali e morali della loro storia politica.

Per tutti questi motivi se è doveroso e sacrosanto definirci antifascisti perché il fascismo tolse la libertà agli italiani, fece le abominevoli leggi razziali e portò l’Italia in una guerra rovinosa in cui fu sconfitta da chi in Europa occidentale si oppose ai regimi nazifascisti — per inciso, da nazioni guidate da due statisti esponenti della destra come Winston Churchill e Charles De Gaulle — allo stesso modo se si è sinceri democratici bisogna definirsi anticomunisti. La reticenza su questo punto è una spia preoccupante. Nessuno lo ha mai chiesto ad Elly Schlein e sarebbe ora che qualche giornalista prendesse coraggio per porle questa domanda.

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