ISS: Mutierte Lebewesen entdeckt – sie haben eine gefährliche Eigenschaft

Eine Untersuchung des Bakterienstammes Enterobacter bugandensis von der ISS hat Forscher*innen einen neuen Einblick gewährt, wie sich die Mikroben unter den extremen Bedingungen anpassen und mutieren. Sie scheinen dazu beizutragen, dass die Keime noch resistenter werden.

ISS: Das passiert mit Bakterien

Auch die Internationale Raumstation (ISS) ist nicht frei von Bakterien. Dennoch wird deren Entwicklung durch andere Faktoren beeinflusst, was auf die stark von der Erde abweichende Umgebung zurückzuführen ist. Wie dies genau aussieht, hat ein indisches Forscherteam in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Jet Propulsion Laboratory der NASA näher analysiert.

Die Wissenschaftler*innen verglichen dazu Enterobacter bugandensis-Mikroben von der ISS mit dem nächstgelegenen Erdstamm, AR1358, und stellten fest, dass sich die Weltraumbakterien funktionell und genetisch unterscheiden. Allein „578 komplexe Mutationen“ konnte man laut der Studie, die in Microbiome veröffentlicht wurde, identifizieren.

Enterobacter bugandensis ist eine Art von Bakterien, die zur Familie der Enterobacteriaceae gehört. Diese sind typischerweise im menschlichen Darm sowie in der Umwelt zu finden, können jedoch auch Krankheiten verursachen, insbesondere bei immungeschwächten Personen oder in Krankenhäusern.

Aber nicht nur das: So scheint es sich bei den ISS-Exemplaren auch um besonders resistente Keime zu handeln, die deutlich schlechter auf Behandlungen ansprechen als ihre Erdpendants. Das könnte wiederum Folgen für die NASA und andere Weltraumbehörden haben, die langfristige und bemannte Einsätze auf und um den Mond und ein Netz privater Stationen in Erdnähe planen.

iss: mutierte lebewesen entdeckt – sie haben eine gefährliche eigenschaft

Die ISS kreist über den Lichtern der Erde.

Lesetipp: Das sah ein ISS-Astronaut während der Sonnenfinsternis

Darum mutieren Bakterien auf der ISS

Dass sich die Stämme so unterschiedlich entwickeln, liegt unter anderem an der Eigenschaft allen Lebens, sich an seine Umgebung anzupassen. Die ISS ist wie eine versiegelte Blase aus recycelter Luft, die sich wiederum in einem Raum mit hoher Strahlung und Mikrogravitation bewegt. Welchen Einfluss das auf Mikroben hat, ist entsprechend schwer vorherzusagen.

Im Rahmen der Studie konzentrierte man sich mit Enterobacter bugandensis auf ein Bakterium, das sich besonders gut an das Leben an Bord der Weltraumstation angepasst hat. Die insgesamt 13 aus den Proben isolierten Stämme aus der Umgebung der ISS zeigen, dass es sich bei E. bugandensis um die dort vorherrschende Spezies handelt.

Die möglichen Auswirkungen von derartig mutierten, resistenten Keimen auf Astronauten wurde dagegen bislang nicht untersucht. Raumfahrtbehörden wie die NASA werden dies in Zukunft aber womöglich berücksichtigen müssen.

Quellen: „Genomic, functional, and metabolic enhancements in multidrug-resistant Enterobacter bugandensis facilitating its persistence and succession in the International Space Station“ (2024, Microbiome)

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