From flooding in Brazil to brutal heat in Asia, extreme weather seems nearly everywhere

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IN sweltering Brazil, flooding killed dozens of people and paralyzed a city of about 4 million people. Voters and politicians in India, amid national elections, are fainting in heat that hit as high as 115 degrees Fahrenheit (46.3 degrees Celsius).

A brutal Asian heat wave has closed schools in the Philippines, killed people in Thailand, and set records there and in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Maldives and Myanmar. Record temperatures — especially at night when it just won’t cool down — have hit many parts of Africa. Flooding devastated Houston, and the United States as a whole just had its second-highest number of tornadoes for the month of April.

In a world growing increasingly accustomed to wild weather swings, the last few days and weeks have seemingly taken those environmental extremes to a new level. Some climate scientists say they are hard-pressed to remember when so much of the world has had its weather on overdrive at the same time.

“Given that we’ve seen an unprecedented jump in global warmth over the last 11 months, it is not surprising to see worsening climate extremes so early in the year,” said University of Michigan environment dean Jonathan Overpeck. “If this record pace of warming continues, 2024 [is likely to] be a record year of climate disasters and human suffering.”

When the world is warmer, it is likely to have more extreme weather and climate events, including record heat and rainfall, scientists say. And climate change is also changing weather patterns, leading to rainy and hot systems stalling over areas and the jet stream meandering, said Alvaro Silva, a climate scientist at the United Nations’ World Meteorological Organization.

Adding to the stronger effects of human-caused climate change is a now-weakening El Niño phenomenon — a natural warming of parts of the central Pacific that changes weather worldwide — that came on the heels of a three-year La Niña, its cool counterpart, Silva said.

Scientists also pointed to 13 straight months of record hot oceans as a potential factor in the weather extremes.

This all comes as the world just finished its 11th record-breaking hot month in a row, the European climate service Copernicus reported on Wednesday.

The average global temperature of 59 F (15 C) in April beat the old record from 2016 by a quarter of a degree (0.14 C). Copernicus’ data set goes back to 1950, while other climate monitoring agencies go back to 1850 but have yet to report April calculations.

Last month was 1.58 C (2.84 F) warmer than the pre-industrial late 19th century. The world in 2015 adopted a goal of limiting warming to 1.5 C above pre-industrial times, but it mostly applies to being that warm for a decade or more, not a month.

While several factors play a role in this recent spate of extremes, “climate change is the most important one,” Silva said.

The trouble is that the world has adapted to and constructed cities designed for 20th-century temperatures and rainfall, but climate change brings more heat and downpours, said Andrew Dessler, a Texas A&M University climate scientist.

“We’re departing the climate of the 20th century right now, and we just can’t handle these events,” Dessler said. “So they’re getting slightly more extreme, but they’re passing our ability to handle them.”

Texas Tech climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe, chief scientist for the Nature Conservancy, said more extremes in more places were overlapping.

“Climate change is loading the weather dice against us in every part of the world,” Hayhoe said. “What this means is that it is increasing not only the frequency and severity of many weather extremes but also that the risk of compound events is increasing.”

Record-breaking

In just the first five days of May, 70 countries or territories broke heat records, said climatologist Maximiliano Herrera, who tracks temperature records across the world.

Nandyala and Kadapa, in India’s southern state of Andhra Pradesh, set an all-time high at 115 F (46.3 C), Herrera said.

Nitin Gadkari, a federal minister, fainted during campaigning in the western Indian state of Maharashtra.

“Heat waves in India are by far the deadliest type of extreme weather events. At the same time, they are the type of extremes most strongly increasing in a warming world,” climate scientist Friederike Otto said in a statement earlier this week.

This week in Southeast Asia, “it was the hottest May night ever,” Herrera posted on X, formerly Twitter. Parts of Thailand didn’t drop below 87.6 F (30.9 C).

In late April, parts of northern Thailand hit 111 F (44 Celsius), while Chauk township in Myanmar’s hottest region hit a record 118.8 F (48.2 C).

Many African nations are also facing scorching heat. Herrera said it hit 117.5 F (47.5 C) in Kayes, Mali. The capital of Niger had its hottest May night, and Burkina Faso’s capital had its hottest night for any month. In Chad, in north-central Africa, temperatures were expected to linger above 114 F (45.6 C) all week.

The deadly heat wave felt across West Africa last month was linked to human-caused climate change, scientists at the World Weather Attribution group say.

In Mexico’s Ciudad Altamirano, the temperature neared 115 F (46 C) with record heat all over Latin America, Herrera said. Bolivia had its hottest May night on record, and Brazil had its hottest day in May.

The record-setting Brazil heat that stifled huge cities such as Sao Paulo also kept a rainstorm from moving over the country’s south, turning it deadly, said Francisco Aquino, a climatologist at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in the country’s south.

There also was a massive influx of humidity from the Amazon’s so-called flying rivers or air currents that carry water vapor, he said. “These caused clouds to generate extreme rainfall,” he added.

Rio Grande do Sul is reeling from the worst flood on record, with at least 90 people dead, nearly 204,000 displaced and 388 municipalities affected, local authorities say.

In the state’s capital Porto Alegre, a metropolitan area with over 4.4 million inhabitants, the waters took over downtown, the international airport and several neighborhoods. Authorities said it would take days for the water level to recede.

Houston is still trying to dry out after days of heavy rainfall that required more than 600 people to be rescued from flooding across Texas, including 233 people in Houston. Just northeast of the city, about 23 inches (58 centimeters) fell.

Meanwhile, April brought the heaviest rains ever recorded to the United Arab Emirates, flooding portions of major highways in the desert kingdom and Dubai International Airport, the world’s busiest hub for international travel.