Entre "peste et choléra", Bordeaux se résigne à arracher ses vignes

Entre “peste et choléra”, Bordeaux se résigne à arracher ses vignes

Méthodiquement, la pince mécanique déracine les vignes de Renaud Jean. Une destruction “compliquée à vivre” pour ce viticulteur, mais “le moins mauvais calcul” grâce à un plan d’arrachage subventionné pour sauver le Bordelais de la surproduction, et bientôt étendu à d’autres régions.

Ceps, piquets, fils de fer, les rangées disparaissent sous les secousses de la machine, ramenant ces trois hectares de coteau à l’état de jachère. Le bois entassé sur la parcelle sera brûlé, la ferraille recyclée.

À Saint-Martin-de-Sescas (Gironde), dans l’Entre-deux-Mers, la terre argilo-limoneuse est pourtant fertile, l’exposition plein sud excellente, les vignes épanouies.

Mais face à la surproduction qui mine le Bordelais, premier vignoble AOC de France avec 103.000 hectares, 1.200 viticulteurs se sont résignés à bénéficier du dispositif d’arrachage cofinancé par l’État et l’interprofession à hauteur de 57 millions d’euros.

Quelque 8.000 hectares sont concernés d’ici au 31 mai, et jusqu’à 1.500 hectares supplémentaires le seront l’hiver prochain. D’autres viticulteurs arrachent des vignes sans subvention, espérant conserver leur droit à plantation si le marché repart, ont constaté les entrepreneurs du secteur.

Arracher, “ce n’est pas un bon calcul, mais c’est le moins mauvais: j’ai dû choisir entre la peste et le choléra”, raconte à l’AFP Renaud Jean, qui supprime plus de la moitié de ses 37 hectares de vignes.

– “Très compliqué à vivre” –

“Il faut arrêter de rentrer des raisins tous les ans parce qu’il n’y a pas de sortie. L’arrachage est une politique mortifère, c’est quelque chose de très compliqué à vivre, mais ça fera du bien à ceux qui restent”, espère ce viticulteur et négociant âgé de 55 ans.

Depuis plusieurs années, la baisse de la consommation de vin et les difficultés à l’export, notamment vers la Chine, ont précipité Bordeaux dans la crise. Début 2023, un tiers des 5.000 vignerons bordelais se déclaraient en difficulté.

“Ça fait des années qu’on travaille à rééquilibrer l’offre et la demande”, dit à l’AFP Allan Sichel, président du Conseil interprofessionnel du vin de Bordeaux (CIVB).

“Le plan d’arrachage vise à réduire le volume produit”, souligne-t-il, même si l’objectif premier est sanitaire: lutter contre la flavescence dorée, une maladie qui menace les vignes laissées à l’abandon.

Les pelles fonctionnent à plein régime. L’activité d’arrachage, habituelle pour replanter les parcelles, a “doublé ou triplé” depuis janvier, observe Benjamin Banton, président départemental des Entrepreneurs de territoire, organisation de prestataires de l’agriculture.

Le dispositif d’aide, approuvé en novembre par la Commission européenne, offre 6.000 euros par hectare arraché, à condition de renaturer la parcelle (jachère ou forêt) pendant 20 ans ou d’adopter un autre type de culture.

Cette prime “ne couvre pas la moitié de la valeur du vignoble”, calcule Renaud Jean, qui avait acheté cette parcelle au prix de 13.000 euros l’hectare il y a dix ans. En outre, l’arrachage lui coûte 1.500 euros par hectare, sans compter un labour pour ôter les racines.

“Au final, il ne va me rester vraiment pas grand-chose”, note-t-il. “Ce n’est pas un parachute doré”, mais “l’opportunité de pouvoir passer à autre chose”.

– Un “crève-cœur” –

Le vigneron va laisser en jachère les parcelles proches des habitations et reboiser celles adossées à des forêts. Enfin, une dizaine d’hectares seront consacrées à sa diversification: cultiver de la luzerne pour l’alimentation animale, avec le projet d’un séchoir photovoltaïque partagé avec d’autres agriculteurs.

D’autres régions françaises pourraient aussi se mettre à arracher des vignes. Sous réserve d’un feu vert européen, un fonds gouvernemental de 150 millions d’euros sur deux ans est annoncé pour restructurer le vignoble, via des arrachages définitifs, ou bien temporaires pour replanter des cépages plus résistants au réchauffement climatique ou mieux adaptés à la demande.

“Jusqu’à 100.000 hectares” pourront être concernés, selon le ministre de l’Agriculture Marc Fesneau, sur près de 800.000 hectares de vignes en 2020.

En attendant, même si le Bordelais avait déjà connu l’arrachage dans les années 2000, la destruction de vieilles vignes est un “crève-cœur”, relève Benjamin Banton. “C’est notre métier, ce sont nos bébés”, confie-t-il.

“On a arraché toute la propriété d’une personne de 70 ans”, signale Serge Maury, entrepreneur spécialisé dans les travaux viticoles.

“C’est toute une vie, plusieurs générations qui ont vécu là, et ça s’en va.”

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