A test AI-controlled jet fighter has taken to the skies. This is why it's causing alarm

It was perhaps only a matter of time before artificial intelligence (AI) made its way into machines of war like fighter plane.

With the midday sun blazing, an experimental orange and white F-16 fighter jet launched with a familiar roar that is a hallmark of US airpower.

But the aerial combat that followed was unlike any other: this F-16 was controlled by AI, not a human pilot. And riding in the front seat was US Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall.

AI marks one of the biggest advances in military aviation since the introduction of stealth in the early 1990s, and the Air Force has aggressively leaned in.

Even though the technology is not fully developed, the service is planning for an AI-enabled fleet of more than 1,000 unmanned warplanes, the first of them operating by 2028.

It was fitting that the dogfight took place at Edwards Air Force Base, a vast desert facility in the state of California where Chuck Yeager broke the speed of sound and the military has incubated its most secret aerospace advances.

AI deciding whether to launch weapons or not

Inside classified simulators and buildings with layers of shielding against surveillance, a new test-pilot generation is training AI agents to fly in war.

Kendall traveled here to see AI fly in real-time and make a public statement of confidence in its future role in air combat.

“It’s a security risk not to have it. At this point, we have to have it,” Kendall said in an interview with The Associated Press after he landed.

The AP, along with American broadcaster NBC, was granted permission to witness the secret flight on the condition that it would not be reported until it was complete because of operational security concerns.

The AI-controlled F-16, called Vista, flew Kendall in lightning-fast maneuvers at more than 550 miles an hour, putting pressure on his body at five times the force of gravity.

It went nearly nose to nose with a second human-piloted F-16 as both aircraft raced within 1,000 feet (304 m) of each other, twisting and looping to try to force their opponent into vulnerable positions.

At the end of the hour-long flight, Kendall climbed out of the cockpit grinning. He said he’d seen enough during his flight that he’d trust this still-learning AI with the ability to decide whether or not to launch weapons in war.

There is, however, a lot of opposition to that idea.

Deep concerns about autonomous AI weapons

Arms control experts and humanitarian groups are deeply concerned that AI one day might be able to autonomously drop bombs that kill people without further human consultation, and they are seeking greater restrictions on its use.

There are widespread and serious concerns about ceding life-and-death decisions to sensors and software.

International Committee of the Red Cross

“There are widespread and serious concerns about ceding life-and-death decisions to sensors and software,” the International Committee of the Red Cross has warned.

Autonomous weapons “are an immediate cause of concern and demand an urgent, international political response”.

Kendall said there will always be human oversight in the system when weapons are used.

The military’s shift to AI-enabled planes is driven by security, cost, and strategic capability.

If the US and China should end up in conflict, for example, today’s Air Force fleet of expensive, manned fighters will be vulnerable because of gains on both sides in electronic warfare, space, and air defense systems.

China’s air force is on pace to outnumber the US and it is also amassing a fleet of flying unmanned weapons.

Future war scenarios envision swarms of American unmanned aircraft providing an advance attack on enemy defenses to give the US the ability to penetrate enemy airspace without high risk to pilot lives.

But the shift is also driven by money. The US Air Force is still hampered by production delays and cost overruns for its F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, which will cost an estimated $1.7 trillion (€1.5 trillion).

Smaller and cheaper AI-controlled unmanned jets are the way ahead, Kendall said.

An AI-enabled Air Force F-16 fighter jet, left, flies next to an adversary F-16, as both aircraft race within 1,000 feet (304 metres) of each other, AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes

AI air-to-air combat

Vista’s military operators say no other country in the world has an AI jet like it, where the software first learns on millions of data points in a simulator, then tests its conclusions during actual flights.

That real-world performance data is then put back into the simulator where the AI then processes it to learn more.

China has AI, but there’s no indication it has found a way to run tests outside a simulator. And, like a junior officer first learning tactics, some lessons can only be learned in the air, Vista’s test pilots said.

Until you actually fly, “it’s all guesswork,” chief test pilot Bill Gray said.

“And the longer it takes you to figure that out, the longer it takes before you have useful systems”.

Vista flew its first AI-controlled dogfight in September 2023, and there have only been about two dozen similar flights since.

But the programmes are learning so quickly from each engagement that some AI versions getting tested on Vista are already beating human pilots in air-to-air combat.

The pilots at this base are aware that in some respects, they may be training their replacements or shaping a future construct where fewer of them are needed.

But they also say they would not want to be up in the sky against an adversary that has AI-controlled aircraft if the US does not also have its own fleet.

“We have to keep running. And we have to run fast,” Kendall said.