¿Tiene sentido limitar la velocidad en las autopistas alemanas?

¿tiene sentido limitar la velocidad en las autopistas alemanas?

Imagen de una carretera del estado federado de Hesse, en Alemania.

“Los ciudadanos libres exigen vía libre”. Ese fue el lema con que el club de automovilistas alemán ADAC protestó en 1973 contra el límite de 100 kilómetros por hora en las autopistas alemanas. El Gobierno federal de la época ordenó la restricción con el fin de ahorrar combustible, en plena crisis del petróleo. Aunque solo estuvo en vigor unos meses, hubo una enorme indignación en todo el país.

Desde entonces, han fracasado varios intentos por aplicar un límite. Sin embargo, actualmente más de la mitad de los alemanes están a favor de establecer una velocidad máxima permitida. Esto podría sonar alentador para quienes desean ese cambio, pero sigue habiendo opositores. Incluso el partido bávaro CSU comenzó una campaña para reunir firmas en contra de la idea.

Límites en (casi) todas partes

A diferencia de casi todo el mundo, Alemania no tiene un límite de velocidad en las autopistas, aunque sí en rutas secundarias. Pero en el 70 por ciento de la red caminera germana se sugiere una “velocidad recomendada” voluntaria de 130 km/h, lo que en la práctica significa que se puede conducir más rápido. Hay extensos tramos, sin embargo, donde sí se imponen velocidades máximas por diversas razones.

El punto es que mientras más lento se conduce un vehículo, menos combustible utiliza y menos contaminantes, como dióxido de carbono y óxidos de nitrógeno, expulsa. Una velocidad máxima de 120 km/h en las autopistas ahorraría 4,5 millones de toneladas de CO2. En comparación con las emisiones de 2018, sería un 2,9 por ciento menos.

Si asumimos que un límite de velocidad llevará a más gente a usar el tren, a elegir rutas más cortas por caminos secundarios o incluso a renunciar a viajar, esa cifra podría aumentar a 6,7 millones de toneladas. Y hay más: si se introdujera un límite adicional de 80 km/h en las carreteras secundarias, habría una reducción de 8 millones de toneladas de CO2.

Ventaja adicional: habría menos accidentes, pues cuando los coches van más lento, la capacidad de reacción es más rápida. Con un límite de velocidad de 100 km/h habría aproximadamente un 70 por ciento menos accidentes que en la actualidad.

Por si fuera poco, si se conduce más lento, también se hace menos ruido. Esto se traduce en datos: conducir a 100 km/h es aproximadamente la mitad de ruidoso que hacerlo a 130 km/h. Sumemos a todo lo anterior que habría menos atochamientos, porque podrían circular más automóviles al mismo tiempo.

¿Cuáles son los argumentos contra el límite de velocidad?

Según una encuesta de la aseguradora Allianz, quienes se oponen a un límite de velocidad son principalmente hombres menores de 24 años y que conducen más de 50.000 kilómetros al año. Todos ellos temen más atascos de tránsito y tiempos de viaje más largos.

Según ADAC, en Alemania no hay más accidentes graves de tránsito que en países que sí tienen un límite de velocidad. Si se compara el número de muertes por kilómetro de autopista conducido, en 2020 hubo más decesos en Francia, Italia, Lituania, República Checa, Hungría y Estados Unidos, aunque en números absolutos Alemania lidera la lista con 317 fallecidos.

¿Quién apoya el límite de velocidad?

Entre los que apoyan el límite de velocidad se encuentran grupos ecologistas, el sindicato de policías del estado federado de Renania del Norte-Westfalia y la Asociación de Apoyo a las Víctimas de Accidentes de Tránsito. Todos piden también que el límite se haga extensivo a las carreteras secundarias, en este caso pasando de los 100 km/h actuales a 80. La industria de aseguradoras ha estudiado que esta última medida mejoraría sustancialmente la seguridad. Entre los partidos políticos, verdes y socialdemócratas apoyan la moción. También La Izquierda está en este bando.

¿Quién está en contra?

Los partidos conservadores Unión Cristianodemócrata (CDU) y Unión Cristianosocial (CSU), junto a los ultraderechistas de AfD y los liberales, se oponen a esta medida, que sostienen tendría poco impacto en el medio ambiente y restringiría demasiado a las personas. El contraestudio que sustenta esta visión, empero, fue realizado por profesores que ponen en duda el cambio climático.

Dado que, según las cifras de 2023, las emisiones de CO2 en el sector de transportes todavía eran demasiado altas, el Ministro Federal de Transportes, el liberal Volker Wissing, debería haber iniciado un programa para alcanzar los objetivos climáticos comprometidos por Alemania. Sin embargo, la coalición gobernante decidió reformar la ley para que las emisiones excesivas puedan compensarse en otros lugares. Produciendo más energía renovable, por ejemplo.

(dzc/ers)

Autor: Jeannette Cwienk

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