Studi: Kurang Tidur Tingkatkan Risiko Diabetes Tipe 2

studi: kurang tidur tingkatkan risiko diabetes tipe 2

Ilustrasi diabetes

KOMPAS.com – Penelitian terbaru menemukan bahwa orang yang tidur kurang dari enam jam semalam berisiko lebih tinggi terkena penyakit diabetes tipe 2.

Para peneliti menganalisis data dari UK Biobank, database biomedis yang berfungsi sebagai sumber daya global untuk penelitian kesehatan dan medis. Mereka mempelajari informasi dari 247.867 orang dewasa, dan mengikuti perkembangan kesehatan mereka selama lebih dari satu dekade.

Para peneliti ingin memahami hubungan antara durasi tidur dengan diabetes tipe 2, dan apakah pola makan sehat dapat mengurangi efek kurang tidur terhadap risiko diabetes.

Sebagai bagian dari keterlibatan di UK Biobank, para peserta peneliti ditanyai kira-kira berapa banyak waktu tidur yang mereka dapatkan dalam 24 jam.

Tujuh hingga 8 jam adalah waktu tidur rata-rata dan dianggap normal. Sementara itu, durasi tidur pendek dibagi menjadi tiga kategori: ringan (enam jam), sedang (lima jam), dan ekstrim (tiga hingga empat jam). Kemudian, para peneliti menganalisis data tidur dengan informasi terkait pola makan peserta.

Sekitar 3,2 persen peserta didiagnosis menderita diabetes tipe 2 selama masa tindak lanjut. Meskipun kebiasaan makan yang sehat dikaitkan dengan risiko diabetes yang lebih rendah secara keseluruhan, ketika orang yang makan dengan sehat tetapi tidur kurang dari enam jam sehari, risiko diabetes tipe 2 mereka meningkat dibandingkan dengan orang dalam kategori tidur normal.

Para peneliti menemukan, durasi tidur lima jam dikaitkan dengan risiko 16 persen lebih tinggi terkena diabetes tipe 2, sedangkan risiko pada orang yang tidur tiga hingga empat jam adalah 41 persen lebih tinggi, dibandingkan dengan orang yang tidur tujuh hingga delapan jam semalan.

Salah satu keterbatasan studi ini adalah peneliti mendefinisikan pola makan sehat berdasarkan jumlah porsi buah, sayuran, daging merah, dan ikan yang dikonsumsi peserta selama sehari atau seminggu.

Penelitian ini tidak mempertimbangkan bagaimana pola makan seperti puasa atau pola makan Mediterania dapat mengubah risiko diabetes di antara peserta yang kurang tidur.

Selain itu, informasi mengenai kuantitas tidur dan pola makan peserta hanya diperoleh pada saat perekrutan dan mungkin telah berubah selama penelitian berlangsung.

Mengapa tidur singkat bisa meningkatkan risiko diabetes?

Pada penderita diabetes tipe 2, tubuh menjadi resisten terhadap efek hormon yang disebut insulin, dan perlahan-lahan kehilangan kapasitas untuk memproduksi cukup insulin di pankreas.

Insulin penting karena mengatur glukosa (gula) dalam darah yang berasal dari makanan yang dikonsumsi dengan membantu memindahkannya ke sel-sel di seluruh tubuh.

Para peneliti mengaku tidak mengetahui alasan pasti mengapa orang yang kurang tidur berisiko lebih tinggi terkena diabetes tipe 2. Namun, penelitian sebelumnya pun menunjukkan, orang yang kurang tidur sering kali mengalami peningkatan penanda peradangan dan asam lemak bebas dalam darahnya, yang mengganggu sensitivitas insulin, sehingga menyebabkan resistensi insulin.

Dari temuan tersebut, berarti tubuh kesulitan menggunakan insulin dengan benar untuk mengatur kadar glukosa darah, sehingga meningkatkan risiko diabetes tipe 2.

Selain itu, orang yang kurang tidur, serta orang yang pola tidurnya tidak teratur (misalnya pekerja shift), mengalami gangguan pada ritme alami tubuhnya, yang disebut dengan ritme sirkadian.

Hal ini dapat mengganggu pelepasan hormon seperti kortisol, glukagon, dan hormon pertumbuhan. Hormon-hormon ini dilepaskan sepanjang hari untuk memenuhi perubahan kebutuhan energi tubuh, dan biasanya menjaga kadar glukosa darah tetap seimbang. Jika terganggu, hal ini dapat mengurangi kemampuan tubuh untuk menangani glukosa seiring berjalannya waktu.

Faktor-faktor ini, dan faktor-faktor lainnya, dapat berkontribusi pada peningkatan risiko diabetes tipe 2 pada orang yang tidur kurang dari enam jam.

Meskipun penelitian ini utamanya berfokus pada orang yang tidur delapan jam atau kurang, ada kemungkinan orang yang tidur lebih lama juga menghadapi peningkatan risiko diabetes tipe 2.

Penelitian sebelumnya telah menunjukkan korelasi berbentuk “U” antara durasi tidur dengan risiko diabetes tipe 2. Sebuah tinjauan terhadap beberapa penelitian menemukan bahwa tidur antara tujuh hingga delapan jam setiap hari dikaitkan dengan risiko terendah. Ketika orang tidur kurang dari tujuh jam atau lebih dari delapan jam, risikonya mulai meningkat.

Alasan tidur lebih lama dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko diabetes tipe 2 mungkin terkait dengan penambahan berat badan, yang juga berkorelasi dengan tidur lebih lama. Begitu pula dengan orang yang kurang tidur, kemungkinan besar mengalami kelebihan berat badan atau obesitas.

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