Qué es el “dumping” chino que obligó a la Comisión Antidistorsión a aumentar las tarifas de importación para el acero del país asiático

qué es el “dumping” chino que obligó a la comisión antidistorsión a aumentar las tarifas de importación para el acero del país asiático

Una fábrica de acero contamina en la provincia china de Anhui

La Comisión Antidistorsiones de Chile ha respondido a las solicitudes de las empresas Huachipato y Molycop, aumentando las sobretasas a las importaciones de acero chino hasta un 24,9%. Esta medida, oficializada este sábado en una publicación vespertina del Diario Oficial, busca nivelar el campo de juego para los productores locales frente a la competencia de bajo costo de China, específicamente en el mercado de las barras de acero usadas para fabricar bolas de molienda.

Esta decisión surge tras la suspensión indefinida de operaciones anunciada por Huachipato el pasado 20 de marzo, motivada por las sobretasas diferenciadas que anteriormente promediaban el 15,1% y que fueron aplicadas a cuatro empresas chinas en particular: Baowu, Daye y Dongbei.

La empresa chilena había argumentado que estas medidas eran insuficientes para contrarrestar el efecto del dumping chino, que distorsiona el mercado local al inundarlo con productos a precios artificialmente bajos.

La actualización de las sobretasas a casi el 25% propuesto por Huachipato representa un esfuerzo significativo por parte del gobierno chileno para apoyar a la industria nacional, protegiendo a los productores locales de prácticas comerciales desleales. Aunque estas sobretasas son todavía provisionales, su uniformidad en la aplicación proporciona un alivio temporal y una base más firme desde la cual Huachipato y Molycop pueden operar y competir en el mercado global.

Qué es el dumping

El concepto de “dumping” se refiere a la práctica comercial en la que un país exporta un producto a un precio inferior al que normalmente se vende en su propio mercado interno. Este fenómeno ha sido notablemente atribuido a China, que ha sido acusada de vender productos, como acero y automóviles eléctricos, a precios menores en el extranjero que en su propio territorio. Esta estrategia ha dificultado la competencia para las empresas extranjeras, que no pueden igualar los bajos precios de las empresas chinas respaldadas por subsidios estatales.

En respuesta al “dumping” chino, que ha estado afectando a las economías globales durante años, varios países han implementado medidas defensivas. Estados Unidos, por ejemplo, impuso en 2018 aranceles significativos a las importaciones de acero y aluminio de China, lo que desató una respuesta similar de China y llevó a un litigio que favoreció a Washington. La Unión Europea también adoptó aranceles adicionales a ciertos tipos de acero provenientes de China para contrarrestar los precios extremadamente bajos.

En Latinoamérica, países como Brasil, México y Argentina han enfrentado desafíos similares con la industria del acero y han tomado medidas para proteger sus industrias locales. Brasil inició una investigación por competencia desleal, mientras que México aumentó los aranceles al acero chino al 25%, y Argentina vio una reducción dramática en las ventas que llevó a la paralización de la producción en las plantas de la siderúrgica Acindar.

Este escenario global refleja la preocupación occidental de no quedarse atrás frente al avance económico de China, especialmente en sectores tecnológicamente avanzados como la fabricación de chips y automóviles eléctricos, considerados cruciales para el liderazgo tecnológico futuro.

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