Magexperten: Så hänger IBS samman med mental ohälsa

Personer med IBS har en ökad förekomst av psykisk ohälsa. Och hos personer med depression syns också en förändrad tarmflora. Här förklarar dietisten och IBS-experten Sofia Antonsson hur goda bakterier och en mångfald av grönt är bra för mage och hjärna – och varför tillsatser kan ha motsatt effekt.

Vi har i vårt moderna samhälle förlorat en stor del av mångfalden i våra tarmbakterier. Vi vistas inte i naturen lika mycket som vi tidigare gjort i historien och utan bor i mångt och mycket i storstäder och utsätter oss inte för lika många bakterier. Mängden tarmbakterier minskar också med åldern.

Mångfald av grönt ger god tarmflora

Men en mångfald av goda tarmbakterier är nyckeln till god hälsa. Och för att uppnå det behöver vi inte bara äta probiotika i form av tillskott och probiotiska livsmedel, utan även prebiotika, alltså fiberrika frukter och grönsaker. Dessa fungerar nämligen som mat till de goda tarmbakterierna och gör att dessa lever och frodas.

– Vi behöver egentligen äta 25 olika frukter, grönsaker och. bär varje vecka, för en god tarmhälsa. Vi behöver lite av allt, av många sorters frukt och grönt. En antiinflammatorisk kost, som i princip är synonymt med Medelhavskost, är generellt den mat som magen gillar bäst, menar dietisten Sofia Antonsson som är expert på just maghälsa och IBS, samt grundare av den digitala IBS-behandligen Belly Balance.

magexperten: så hänger ibs samman med mental ohälsa
Dietisten och IBS-experten Sofia Antonsson

Tillsatser kan skapa inflammation 

Däremot kan olika sorters tillsatser, som är vanliga i halvfabrikat och färdiga livsmedel, istället skapa inflammation i tarmen, förklarar hon.

Vilka tillsatser handlar det om, och hur?

– Man har sett att vissa ämnen, till exempel emulgeringsmedel, kan öka inflammationen i tarmen hos möss. I USA rekommenderas de med inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom att undvika tillsatser som emulgeringsmedel, stabiliseringsmedel med flera. Likaså tittar man i studier på antiinflammatorisk kost på den rena maten det vill säga oprocessad, vilket ofta innebär färre tillsatser. Vi vet generellt sett rätt lite om detta ännu, men det kommer mer forskning hela tiden. En förändrad tarmflora kan skapa en låggradig inflammation i tarmen och därmed påverka hjärnan genom att aktivera hjärnans immunceller.

Hur fungerar denna så kallade ”tarm-hjärna-axeln”? 

– Man har sett i studier att personer med IBS har en ökad förekomst av psykisk ohälsa. Dessutom kan man se att den som har en depression också har en förändrad tarmflora. Frågan är bara vad som kom först. Det är främst via vagusnerven som kommunikationen mellan tarmen och hjärnan sker.

Nervsignaler skickas från tarmen till hjärnan, men kommunikationen går också åt andra hållet, förklarar Sofia Antonsson.

–  Personer med IBS har en försämrad aktivitet i vagusnerven. Förutom nervsignaler så kommunicerar även tarmbakterierna med hjärnan, bland annat genom att tillverka kortkedjiga fettsyror, till exempel smörsyra, som också kan stimulera vagusnerven.

Goda bakterier tillverkar seratonin

Probiotika har även en antiinflammatorisk effekt, minskar genomsläppligheten i tarmslemhinnan och gör tarmbarriären tätare, vilket hindrar tarmslemhinnan från att ta in skadliga ämnen i kroppen.

Dessutom tillverkas serotonin i tarmen med hjälp av de goda tarmbakterierna; ”anti depp-hormonet” som reglerar bland annat humör, sömn, vakenhet och aptit.

– Det kvarstår fortfarande mycket forskning kring kopplingen mellan olika sjukdomar och en förändrad tarmflora, men det kommer hela tiden nya studier som bekräftar sambandet. Så snart kan vi nog ha skräddarsydda behandlingar som kan påverka tarmfloran positivt baserat på individuella förutsättningar.

Antidepressiv medicin dåligt för tarmfloran

En miljon svenskar äter samtidigt antidepressiv medicin idag, kanske fler. Men sanningen är att sådana preparat, liksom antibiotika och syrahämmande mediciner som Omeprazol och även värktabletter, påverkar tarmfloran negativt, understryker Sofia Antonsson

– Min förhoppning att vi med hjälp av bra kost och probiotika själva ska kunna påverka vårt mående till det bättre i större utsträckning framöver, säger Sofia Antonsson.

Av Carolina Eriksson

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