Internacionalización o soberanía: un falso dilema

internacionalización o soberanía: un falso dilema

Internacionalización o soberanía: un falso dilema

Paola Grijalva La capacidad de un Estado para implantar políticas de protección y promoción de las industrias afectadas por la apertura comercial, se ha convertido en una polémica por más de 4 décadas. Pasamos de las “ventajas comparativas” a la “apertura comercial”, como opciones excluyentes en la política económica y la economía política.

México fue el primero en la región que se sumó a un tratado de libre comercio (TLC) con economías de desarrollo superior, con la expectativa de que la derrama compensaría las posibles pérdidas.

Sin embargo, esta receta debe complementarse con políticas sectoriales, incentivos y subsidios para la creación de capacidades y la transferencia de tecnología, como base para generar empleos de calidad y un desarrollo sostenible.

Recuerdo 1993 y 94, cuando se esgrimía que la desgravación del maíz, frijol, trigo, arroz, era para “beneficiarnos” al mantener su precio bajo, acabar con la inflación y con ello sostener el poder adquisitivo del salario. Los efectos de esta política equivocada en la que dejamos de ser autosuficientes en granos básicos, aumentó la depauperización del campo, la devastación de bosques y aguas, más los efectos en la salud por los transgénicos de baja calidad nutricional. Mientras nuestros socios comerciales subsidian su agricultura, nos autoimponemos la prohibición de “exportar” subsidios y como si se tratara de un delito, nos hemos arrinconado.

En el caso de las industrias de bienes de consumo como calzado, confección, textiles, electrodomésticos, juguetes, etc. A partir del 1 de enero de 1994, fecha de inicio del TLCAN; se inundaron los mercados con productos importados desde USA pero de origen chino, con precios que sacaron del mercado al producto nacional.

Por presión de la industria, se impusieron cuotas antidumping de hasta +1000%, provocando un incentivo al contrabando y el comercio informal. Se dejaron de pagar los impuestos de importación, sobre la renta, el IVA, las prestaciones, etc y se dejaron de cumplir las normas mexicanas. Salimos perdiendo todos: fabricantes, consumidores, comerciantes, trabajadores, la hacienda pública, la banca, las ciudades, el IMSS.

Solo una parte de la industria sobrevivió y muchos se convirtieron en importadores-comercializadores. Sin embargo, sí había y si hay una alternativa. En vez de utilizar una medida excesiva, debió haberse incentivado industria por industria y región por región, a través de una política coherente de desarrollo industrial y agrícola de alcance nacional, creando condiciones favorables para las empresas comenzando con las pymes y el pequeño propietario. Tampoco será posible avanzar sin las políticas: educativa, laboral, de seguridad, de energía, etc. Es indispensable un compromiso firme del gobierno, la banca de desarrollo y las empresas paraestatales proveedoras de energía y servicios.

Aprendamos de países con altos niveles de vida y productividad, aprendamos de los éxitos que México ha tenido en Norteamérica y el mundo, y acerquémonos a América Latina, para la creación de UN NUEVO MODELO DE DESARROLLO, sin gravitar sobre salarios bajos, exenciones de impuestos y la cercanía geográfica como las únicas ventajas que México ofrece.

Esa no es nuestra única alternativa, solo es un falso dilema.

Únete a nuestro canal ¡EL UNIVERSAL ya está en Whatsapp!, desde tu dispositivo móvil entérate de las noticias más relevantes del día, artículos de opinión, entretenimiento, tendencias y más.

]]>

OTHER NEWS

12 minutes ago

China says Russian President Vladimir Putin will make a 2-day state visit this week amid closer ties over Ukraine war

14 minutes ago

British tourist, 27, is arrested after female holidaymaker 'is sexually assaulted' at hotel near Marbella

15 minutes ago

Mystery of the missing cheque as Prince Harry and Meghan's charity is banned from raising or spending money: Archewell Foundation is deemed DELINQUENT for 'failing to pay fees and submit records' - but Sussex sources insist payments were 'lost in the post'

16 minutes ago

Volkswagen preparing special Golf GTI to celebrate big birthday

16 minutes ago

Gold Coast influencer Ashy Bines told to get brain surgery after aneurysm found

16 minutes ago

David McBride: Australian court jails war crimes whistleblower in landmark case

16 minutes ago

Apple Workers at Maryland Store Vote to Strike

17 minutes ago

NT government to make record investment into combating law and order, violence and youth crime in the Top End

20 minutes ago

Future of Baby Reindeer 'confirmed' after fans of the hit Netflix drama begged for second series

20 minutes ago

Sinister twist after four are killed in horror crash in Wardell

20 minutes ago

Mystery of the missing cheque as Prince Harry and Meghan's charity is banned from raising or spending money: Archewell Foundation is deemed DELINQUENT for 'failing to pay fees and submit records' - but Sussex sources insist payments were 'lost in the post'

21 minutes ago

The Shrouds teaser trailer unveils David Cronenberg’s mysterious new movie

21 minutes ago

Billboard collapses onto group of pedestrians, killing at least 14

22 minutes ago

Agency spending €220m of taxpayers’ money ‘doesn’t have well-functioning leadership’, says own board

22 minutes ago

Here’s how you can visit Louvre Abu Dhabi for free this weekend

22 minutes ago

Canada's Parker Lake fire threatens Fort Nelson in British Columbia

22 minutes ago

Editor’s Note: Cape Town too expensive for Capetonians

22 minutes ago

First female Sikh MP says more must be done to tackle 'toxic' hate on social media

22 minutes ago

Today is Mark Zuckerberg's 40th birthday. Here's how his wealth has grown over the past decade.

22 minutes ago

Researchers report exceptionally small implant for future vision correction

22 minutes ago

Rob Key: It is the ‘right time’ as James Anderson announces England retirement

23 minutes ago

Verdict expected for German far-right politician Björn Höcke, accused of using Nazi slogan

23 minutes ago

The Latest | More than half a million people flee fighting in Rafah and northern Gaza, UN says

23 minutes ago

Prime Minister Modi files his nomination to run for a third term in India's general election

26 minutes ago

Former Massachusetts prison to reopen as shelter for homeless families, including migrants

26 minutes ago

Dispute over transgender woman admitted to Wyoming sorority to be argued before appeal judges

27 minutes ago

I was a Premier League footballer and played for my country... now I'm working at ALDI and earning more money!

27 minutes ago

The real-life Crocodile Dundee (from Berkshire) who saved her twin: How hero Brit rescued her unconscious sister from jaws of 10ft 'death-rolling' croc by punching it in the face - after rogue tour guide told them it was safe to swim in Mexican lagoon

27 minutes ago

Rate hikes for eight NSW areas after green light from tribunal

27 minutes ago

Josh Pate Bashes Major College Football Program For Lack Of Transfer Additions

27 minutes ago

WNBA pay gap comes because more apparent as Caitlin Clark makes regular season debut

27 minutes ago

Most students at top colleges say antisemitism is a problem: Survey

27 minutes ago

Government ‘going big’ on Australian manufacturing and green energy

27 minutes ago

Kamari Lassiter talks about rookie camp and taking the field as a Houston Texan

27 minutes ago

Pass the bad luck repellant: The Argentinian flown in to solve NSW’s prop crisis

27 minutes ago

The Jennings v Alzheimer’s: a fascinating insight into one woman’s selfless sacrifice

27 minutes ago

Sports Illustrated Is Launching a Women's Swim Line for Magazine's 60th Anniversary

27 minutes ago

British boxer Sherif Lawal dies after collapsing in the ring during professional fight debut

27 minutes ago

Swap deal: Man City readying player-plus-cash bid to sign 10m Everton gem

27 minutes ago

Interest rate cut prospects threatened by pace of wage growth

27 minutes ago

Jeremy Hunt hails boost for Brits as wages rise 2.4% above inflation

27 minutes ago

Use these essential natural hair tips to make your afro flourish this winter

29 minutes ago

ESR attempts to halt Sabana Reit’s May 24 EGM

31 minutes ago

Bengals' Trey Hendrickson back in facility for voluntary workouts

31 minutes ago

Foot fear for Kangaroos rising star

31 minutes ago

Tuesday briefing: How Russia’s advance on Kharkiv might end

31 minutes ago

Demi Moore, 61, beams as she leaves the Gucci Cruise show with Nikolai von Bismarck - after the photographer made a frosty front row appearance with long-term girlfriend Kate Moss

32 minutes ago

High-profile lawyer for gangland figures Abdul Saddik in hot water accused of leaking information about a sex assault case

32 minutes ago

Kelly Clarkson's fans react after she finally comes clean about how she REALLY lost all that weight: 'Disappointed but not surprised'

32 minutes ago

Video: I'm a vet and these are the five dog breeds I WOULD have as a pet

32 minutes ago

Paris Hilton's fans implore star to properly situate car seats for infant daughter London and son Phoenix, one, after she shares video of her new mom van: 'This is wild'

32 minutes ago

Teen AFL draftee forced to retire without playing a game

32 minutes ago

Andrei Belousov: Putin picks trusted technocrat to run defence ministry

32 minutes ago

Dave Grohl pays tribute to late Steve Albini with concert performance of 1998 Foo Fighters classic My Hero

33 minutes ago

Fabrizio Romano: Newcastle closing in on double signing of 70k-a-week duo

33 minutes ago

Dreamy days: 7 of the most unique daycations in the UAE

33 minutes ago

8 people killed in mass shooting near resort town in Mexico

33 minutes ago

'We lost everything': The boys experimented on at school in dark chapter of infected blood scandal

33 minutes ago

Blinken arrives in Kyiv to reassure Ukraine of US support

34 minutes ago

Gabrielle overcame stage fright thanks to Adele and Stormzy

34 minutes ago

'It was complicated!' Slipknot drummer Eloy Casagrande tells of Sepultura exit

34 minutes ago

Phoebe Dynevor in talks to star in untitled shark thriller

34 minutes ago

Nicolas Cage starring in new Western with Heather Graham and Stephen Dorff

34 minutes ago

5 easy terrarium plants for beginners

34 minutes ago

Ozempic: What are weight-loss injections and how do they work?

37 minutes ago

Serious criminal charge looms over Bra Boy 'ringleader' boyfriend of Braith Anasta's ex fiancée Rachael Lee as he shares a bizarre video of himself being released from custody

37 minutes ago

Video: Blinken visits Ukraine in a show of U.S. support for Kyiv's fight against Russia's advances after Congress approved $60 billion aid package

37 minutes ago

Video: Cricket star-turned-builder James Pattinson lists his four-bedroom Melbourne home for more than $3m

37 minutes ago

Video: REVEALED: Oklahoma teen Noah Presgrove's full autopsy

37 minutes ago

Video: Paris Hilton's fans implore star to properly situate car seats for infant daughter London and son Phoenix, one, after she shares video of her new mom van: 'This is wild'

37 minutes ago

Video: No split here! Tammy Hembrow and fiancé Matt Zukowski arrive hand-in-hand at Sydney Airport after breakup rumours

37 minutes ago

Video: Serious criminal charge looms over Bra Boy 'ringleader' boyfriend of Braith Anasta's ex fiancée Rachael Lee as he shares a bizarre video of himself being released from custody

37 minutes ago

My husband and I married in a goth wedding on Halloween - my bridal gown was black and I wore Dr Martens

37 minutes ago

I repeatedly bail out my partner from his financial messes - should I pull the plug on him? Money psychotherapist VICKY REYNAL replies

38 minutes ago

Rulani talks about rejecting Al Ahly and staying at Sundowns

38 minutes ago

Stampeders sign first draft pick Labrosse after his NFL camp

39 minutes ago

PM: Govt made ‘all the appropriate representations’ to China following flare stunt

39 minutes ago

'CCTVs Weren't...': Supriya Sule Demands Explanation Over 'Laxity' In EVM Storage, ECI Responds

39 minutes ago

4G mobile coverage rolled out to all eight subterranean Elizabeth line stations

39 minutes ago

North West 200 Racer Flies 25-Feet Into the Air and Lives to Tell the Tale

39 minutes ago

WHY was the ANC fined by Electoral Court ahead of voting day?

40 minutes ago

Right decision and right time, says Key on Anderson's retirement

40 minutes ago

It’s personal: Biden steps up ridicule of Trump

42 minutes ago

'I Saw the TV Glow' is weird and transfixing

44 minutes ago

No split here! Tammy Hembrow and fiancé Matt Zukowski arrive hand-in-hand at Sydney Airport after breakup rumours

44 minutes ago

Cricket star-turned-builder James Pattinson lists his four-bedroom Melbourne home for more than $3m

44 minutes ago

Serious criminal charge looms over Bra Boy 'ringleader' boyfriend of Braith Anasta's ex fiancée Rachael Lee as he shares a bizarre video of himself being released from custody

44 minutes ago

Manchester United's 'WAGs will have to buy their own tickets and sort travel to Wembley' as axing of FA Cup final perks continues in supposed crackdown on spending

44 minutes ago

Toronto’s Natalie Spooner injured in Game 3 loss to Minnesota

44 minutes ago

Click Frenzy mayhem: Up to 70% off for a limited time only

44 minutes ago

The Latest | Nearly half a million people flee fighting in Rafah and northern Gaza, UN says

45 minutes ago

3 thoughts after the Mavericks choke away a lead, fall to the Thunder 100-96.

45 minutes ago

Is it illegal to change the colour of your car?

45 minutes ago

Report: Maple Leafs Haven’t Interviewed Gerard Gallant For Head Coaching Position Despite Interest to Return to the NHL

45 minutes ago

Roosters rally around Angus Crichton after Fifita signing

45 minutes ago

Dua Lipa's ‘Radical Optimism' Debuts at No. 1 on Top Album Sales Chart

46 minutes ago

Antony Blinken visits Kyiv to show US support for Ukraine as Putin's army 'blows up bridges to create buffer zone'

47 minutes ago

Guests stranded for few hours after wind shuts down Jasper SkyTram

47 minutes ago

‘He’s a weapon’: Roosters utility emerges as Blues bolter

51 minutes ago

Wisconsin Supreme Court's liberal majority questions past ruling barring ballot drop boxes