El cultivo de cacao en Liberia amenaza con socavar la legislación de la UE sobre deforestación

el cultivo de cacao en liberia amenaza con socavar la legislación de la ue sobre deforestación

FOTO DE ARCHIVO. Una vista de dron muestra plantaciones de cacao y granjas destruidas por la minería ilegal de oro en Kwabeng, en la Región Oriental, Ghana. 28 de febrero de 2024. REUTERS/Francis Kokoroko

Por Joe Bavier

JOHANNESBURGO, 22 abr (Reuters) – Los agricultores talan bosques en Liberia para crear plantaciones de cacao y trafican con las habas en la vecina Costa de Marfil, socavando los esfuerzos europeos por frenar la deforestación, según demostró el lunes una investigación de un grupo conservacionista.

Una ley aprobada por la Unión Europea y que entrará en vigor a finales de este año pretende impedir la entrada en el mercado europeo de productos agrícolas vinculados a la deforestación en todo el mundo.

La normativa abarca también productos como el café, la carne de vacuno y la soja, pero el cacao se considera una de las primeras pruebas de la ley, que exige a las empresas que demuestren que sus cadenas de suministro no contribuyen a la destrucción de los bosques.

Mientras los esfuerzos se han centrado en rastrear las cadenas de suministro en los principales países exportadores de cacao, el grupo marfileño de conservación de los bosques IDEF descubrió que los agricultores de Costa de Marfil están cruzando la frontera hacia Liberia en busca de tierras.

“Es un flujo que se está acelerando, y seguirá acelerándose”, dijo a Reuters Bakary Traore, director ejecutivo de IDEF y principal autor de la investigación.

Si no se frena el éxodo de cacaocultores de Costa de Marfil a Liberia, se corre el riesgo de que se repitan las talas generalizadas impulsadas por el cacao, que prácticamente han acabado con la cubierta forestal marfileña, afirmó Traore.

El sector del cacao de Costa de Marfil, que durante mucho tiempo ha sido el principal productor mundial, se enfrenta a retos como el cambio climático, el envejecimiento de los árboles y las enfermedades, que pueden provocar un declive de la producción a largo plazo.

CACAO TRAFICADO

Sólo en 2022, Liberia perdió unas 150.000 hectáreas de bosque natural, según la organización conservacionista Global Forest Watch.

La Autoridad de Desarrollo Forestal de Liberia dijo a Reuters que era consciente de la afluencia de cacaocultores de Costa de Marfil en los últimos tres años y que se estaba preparando para tomar medidas.

El Consejo del Café y el Cacao -organismo regulador del cacao en Costa de Marfil- y la Comisión Europea no respondieron de inmediato a las peticiones de Reuters.

IDEF llevó a cabo su investigación durante un período de seis meses en un grupo de aldeas que, según las imágenes de satélite, eran un punto caliente de la deforestación en Liberia. Sin embargo, Traore afirmó que el fenómeno era habitual a lo largo de gran parte de la frontera entre las dos naciones de África Occidental.

IDEF descubrió que los agricultores migrantes comenzaron a plantar cacao en tierras arrendadas a los aldeanos liberianos en 2018.

Aunque algunas plantaciones están en fase de desarrollo, los investigadores descubrieron que otras ya estaban produciendo cacao.

A pesar de las afirmaciones de las empresas de que son capaces de rastrear los orígenes de sus suministros, ese cacao cultivado en Liberia se trafica ilegalmente de vuelta a Costa de Marfil y se mezcla con los suministros marfileños.

“En realidad, los controles sobre el terreno son casi inexistentes”, afirma Traore. “Sin una supervisión sólida, ese cacao llegará al mercado europeo”.

(Información de Joe Bavier; información adicional de Alphonso Toweh en Monrovia y Ange Aboa en Abiyán; editado por Barbara Lewis; editado en español por Mireia Merino)

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