Coqueluche : quels sont les symptômes qui doivent alerter ?

coqueluche : quels sont les symptômes qui doivent alerter ?

Coqueluche : quels sont les symptômes qui doivent alerter ?

La coqueluche est causée par une bactérie appelée Bordetella pertussis. Si la vaccination a permis de freiner les attaques de l’infection, la maladie circule toujours et des épidémies sont régulièrement observées. Santé publique France rapporte que la coqueluche “évolue par cycles de recrudescence tous les 3 à 5 ans”.

La contamination se fait principalement par des gouttelettes de salive projetées par le malade quand il parle, tousse ou éternue. La période d’incubation varie de 7 jours à 3 semaines avec une moyenne à 10 jours. C’est après ce laps de temps que les premiers symptômes apparaissent.

Coqueluche : les signes à repérer chez les enfants

Le premier symptôme de la coqueluche est assez anodin, surtout chez les tout-petits très touchés par la maladie. Il s’agit d’un écoulement nasal d’une durée d’une à deux semaines. Vient ensuite une toux sans fièvre le plus souvent. La toux persiste et s’aggrave les jours passant. Au bout d’une semaine environ, elle prend ainsi la forme de quintes qui se caractérisent par :

  • des accès de toux soudaines, violentes et répétées : les quintes provoquent des spasmes et la respiration est difficile ;
  • un son aigu : “en fin de quinte de toux, le malade reprend sa respiration par une grande et longue inspiration, accompagnée de l’émission d’un son aigu (appelé « chant du coq »)”, indique l’Assurance Maladie. En revanche, ce signe est peu observé chez les nourrissons.

Les autres symptômes de l’infection sont liés aux quintes de toux :

  • le visage de l’enfant peut être rouge ou bleuté à cause du manque d’oxygène ;
  • des vomissements et des crachats surviennent généralement après un accès de toux ;
  • un éclatement des petits vaisseaux situés autour des yeux : ils peuvent survenir à cause de la toux.

“Chez les nourrissons, peuvent survenir des apnées parfois accompagnées de bradycardies (rythme cardiaque inférieur à la normale), ou encore des accès de cyanose (coloration bleutée de la peau) lors des quintes”, précise l’Institut Pasteur.

Il ajoute : “chez les jeunes enfants, les complications notables sont des pneumonies ou des affections neurologiques (crises convulsives, encéphalites). Chez le nourrisson, la coqueluche peut être très grave, voire mortelle, car accompagnée d’une défaillance respiratoire ou multiviscérale”.

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