Aux Philippines, les jeepneys sur les jantes

aux philippines, les jeepneys sur les jantes

Aux Philippines, les jeepneys sur les jantes

Bruyantes cracheuses de fumée à la déco flamboyante, les jeepneys, ces Jeeps customisées entrées dans le folklore philippin, arrivent en bout de course, concurrencées par des minibus plus modernes.

Fabriquées à l’origine à partir d’automobiles abandonnées par l’armée américaine à la fin de la Seconde guerre mondiale, elles font office de transports en commun — entre autres — depuis des décennies aux Philippines, arborant des couleurs vives et des ornements en chrome.

Faciles à réparer et bon marché pour les passagers, ces monstres de métal toujours plus imposants et originaux sont devenus un symbole national. Ce qui n’empêche pas Manille de vouloir s’en débarrasser.

Le gouvernement a dévoilé en 2017 un plan de sortie, avec l’ambition de déployer une flotte de minibus plus modernes pour remplacer les jeepneys, populaires mais aussi polluantes, pas toujours confortables ni très sûres.

Cette annonce a été un coup sur la tête pour Leonard Sarao, responsable des opérations chez Sarao Motors, un concessionnaire historique de jeepneys.

L’entreprise familiale basée dans la capitale Manille a connu son apogée dans les années 1970 et 1980, produisant entre 50 et 60 jeepneys par mois.

La demande a fini par ralentir dans les décennies qui ont suivi, avec l’émergence de nouveaux moyens de transport. En 2014, Sarao Motors fabriquait à peine dix jeepneys par mois.

Et aujourd’hui, seulement une tous les quatre à six mois, selon M. Sarao, 31 ans.

“Nous avons des clients qui reviennent depuis les années 1950, ils achetaient des jeepneys pour faire grossir leur flotte”, raconte-t-il.

Cependant, “depuis ce nouveau programme (gouvernemental) il y a des doutes, voire des peurs” de ne pas pouvoir utiliser un véhicule neuf assez longtemps, relève-t-il.

Sarao Motors est bien capable de respecter les normes environnementales et de sécurité du gouvernement, mais cela se traduit par des jeepneys “trois à quatre fois plus chères” qu’une jeepney traditionnelle, dit M. Sarao.

Les opérateurs ont jusqu’au 30 avril pour former des coopératives — qui auront accès à des financements publics — et progressivement remplacer leurs véhicules.

Les chauffeurs sont contre, arguant que l’achat de nouveaux jeepneys les plongerait dans l’endettement et qu’ils seraient incapables de gagner assez d’argent pour survivre.

“C’est difficile pour nous d’avoir une jeepney moderne (…) on ne peut pas se le permettre” financièrement, témoigne Julio Dimaunahan, 57 ans, expliquant souffrir de la concurrence des motos.

“Notre inquiétude est de ne peut-être pas pouvoir payer nos dettes”, affirme Flocerfida Majadas, opératrice de 62 ans, se disant inquiète pour ses employés.

– Klaxon trompette –

Au milieu des bus, vans et autres types de transports, les jeepneys continuent toutefois de se démarquer aux Philippines.

Reconnaissables à leur carrosserie flashy et à leur klaxon aux airs de trompette, elles ne coûtent que 13 pesos aux passagers (environ 20 centimes) et les passages au garage sont moins douloureux pour les propriétaires.

“Dès qu’un client nous achète une jeepney, n’importe quel mécano en province ou dans les régions éloignées peut la réparer”, assure M. Sarao.

Un avantage par rapport aux minibus modernes équipés de moteurs électriques, de wifi, de caméras et de climatisation que le gouvernement aimerait voir dans les rues?

“S’ils tombent en panne, où trouverons-nous l’argent pour les réparer?”, s’inquiète M. Dimaunahan.

Leonard Sarao se dit lui préoccupé par la qualité des minibus importés, produits par des entreprises étrangères qu’il ne peut pas concurrencer.

“La façon dont nous faisons les choses ici, c’est 100% à la main donc nous effectuons un contrôle qualité pour nous assurer que les panneaux ne se détachent pas et que les soudures sont terminées”.

“Quand vous accélérez les choses, c’est là que ça peut mal tourner”, prévient-il.

Teodoro Caparino, chauffeur depuis 35 ans, espère de son côté que le gouvernement choisira de réparer les jeepneys existantes plutôt que de les remplacer par des “véhicules fabriqués en Chine”.

“Nos familles vont finir par être affamées si on ne peut plus conduire nos jeepneys (…) tout ce qu’on sait faire, c’est conduire”, déplore l’homme de 60 ans.

Et s’il devait y avoir un remplaçant, M. Sarao souhaite au moins que “l’esprit” jeepney subsiste.

“Ca pourrait être plus gros, plus large et plus long, mais tant que l’essence ou l’esprit de la jeepney est toujours là, je pense que ce sera encore une jeepney”, conclut-il.

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