Assurance vie: la vôtre est-elle rentable?

Plusieurs années après avoir ouvert un contrat d’assurance-vie, il n’est pas rare que les épargnants s’étonnent du faible rendement de leur contrat. Pourtant, ils ont tout à fait la main pour changer ça.

“L’assurance-vie, c’est comme le PER (plan d’épargne retraite, NDLR), c’est juste une enveloppe fiscale. C’est une enveloppe dans laquelle vous allez pouvoir choisir ce que vous allez mettre à l’intérieur”, résume ainsi Alice Lhabouz, présidente de Trecento AM, qui était invitée sur BFM Business lundi 22 avril dans l’émission “Tout pour investir”.

assurance vie: la vôtre est-elle rentable?

Vous pouvez viser des rendements très différents avec la même assurance vie.

Le rendement affiché va donc dépendre de la façon dont vous choisissez vos placements au sein de votre contrat d’assurance vie et du type de contrat auquel vous avez souscrit.

Il existe deux grands types de contrat:

  • Le contrat monosupport: l’argent est investi uniquement en fonds euros (des obligations d’États ou d’entreprises, à capital garanti)
  • Le contrat multisupport: votre argent est à la fois investi dans des fonds euros (toujours à capital garanti) mais aussi dans ce qu’on appelle des unités de compte (où le capital n’est alors pas garanti). C’est aujourd’hui ce type de contrat qui est le plus proposé aux épargnants.

Dans les contrats multisupports, vous avez accès à nombre de placements différents:

  • La Bourse (via des Sicav, des FCP ou encore des fonds indiciels comme les ETF)
  • Le marché obligataire des entreprises
  • L’immobilier (via des parts de SCPI, de SCI ou encore d’OPCI)
  • Des fonds monétaires (via des OPCVM, des FCP ou des Sicav)
  • Du private equity, autrement dit les entreprises non cotées (via des fonds spécifiques)
  • Des produits structurés (une combinaison de plusieurs produits financiers)

Il va donc falloir soulever le capot pour aller regarder ce que vous mettez dans votre contrat d’assurance vie.

“Ça dépend du risque que vous souhaitez prendre mais aussi de votre volonté de performance. Si vous voulez ne pas prendre de risque, vous aurez très peu de rendement. Si vous acceptez de prendre un peu plus de risque, vous aurez plus de rendement”, explique Alice Lhabouz.

“Si vous dites “moi j’ai envie de faire 4,5% par an, ça me va très bien, je veux que mon capital soit le plus protégé possible”, je vais demander à mon interlocuteur de me créer ou de me trouver un produit qui va être structuré par une banque et qui va m’offrir cette opportunité”, ajoute-t-elle.

La Bourse, placement le plus rentable

A titre indicatif, on pourra donner les ordres de grandeur des rendements attendus par grand type de placement. Le taux de rendement des fonds euros des assurances vie tournait autour de 2,5% en moyenne en 2023 (soit moins qu’un Livret A à 3%). La rémunération des SCPI oscille quant à elle entre 3% et 7%. Sur 5 ans (2019-2023), les actions du CAC 40 affichent un rendement moyen de 11,18% par an, selon notre palmarès BFM Bourse 2024 des actions du CAC 40 les plus rentables. Les fonds monétaires, eux, tournent plutôt actuellement entre 3 et 4%.

Même si les performances passées ne présagent pas nécessairement des performances futures, la Bourse est le meilleur placement depuis 40 ans en France notamment devant l’immobilier, selon une étude publiée cette semaine de l’Institut de l’épargne immobilière et foncière (IEIF).

Prenons un exemple simple: vous avez 10.000 euros à placer au sein d’une assurance vie multisupport. Vous pouvez placer par exemple 3.000 euros en fonds euros (en espérant 2,5% de rendement par an), 6.000 euros en fonds actions (en visant 6% de rendement par an) et 1.000 euros en SCPI (à 4% de rendement par an).

Globalement, avec une allocation de ce type (30% fonds euros, 60% actions et 10% immobilier), vous pouvez ainsi viser 4,75% de rendement annuel. Si vous souhaitez plus de rendement, il faudra augmenter la poche réservée aux actifs les plus risqués.

Une fois que vous avez défini votre cible de rendement et les arbitrages en matière d’allocation des fonds, vous devez savoir sur quel placement précis miser exactement. Pour cela, vous pouvez contacter votre intermédiaire pour lui demander la liste des supports éligibles à votre contrat d’assurance vie. Vous pouvez effectuer vos recherches vous-même, support par support, pour voir ceux qui ont les meilleures performances. Mais c’est très chronophage et complexe. Vous pouvez aussi demander des conseils à votre intermédiaire ou à un conseiller en gestion de patrimoine qui va vous aiguiller.

Ouvrir une autre assurance vie

Et si vos options sont trop limitées au sein de votre contrat? Vous n’avez par exemple pas accès aux meilleurs fonds. Vous avez tout à fait la possibilité d’ouvrir une autre assurance vie, que ce soit au sein de votre établissement actuel ou ailleurs.

Enfin, il faudra bien prendre en compte les frais liés au contrat, qui vont rogner d’autant le rendement. Vous avez ainsi:

  • Les frais d’entrée (ou de versement): quand vous versez des fonds sur votre contrat, votre intermédiaire prélève une part du montant versé.
  • Les frais de gestion: ils sont applicables chaque année à l’ensemble de votre capital investi
  • Les frais d’arbitrage: des frais peuvent s’appliquer quand vous décidez de changer la répartition de vos actifs.
  • Les frais de sortie et de rachats: à la sortie de votre contrat (à sa clôture) ou lorsque vous souhaitez récupérer une partie de vos fonds (sous certaines conditions), il existe aussi des frais.

C’est aussi en fonction de cela que vous devrez faire des choix pour votre contrat d’assurance vie et évaluer le rendement attendu une fois les frais prélevés. Reste que si vous trouvez que votre contrat d’assurance vie ne vous rapporte pas assez, c’est un produit d’épargne où vous pouvez viser le rendement que conviendra le mieux aux risques que vous souhaitez prendre.

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