認知症対策は40~50代から 学び続け、禁煙し、難聴に注意すれば予防効果 いきいき人生の処方箋

認知症対策は40~50代から 学び続け、禁煙し、難聴に注意すれば予防効果 いきいき人生の処方箋

亀山祐美医師

あなたは、ペットボトルのふたを開けることができますか? 1回の青信号で大通りを横断することができますか? こうしたことができなくなってきたら、要注意。認知症のリスクが高くなっているかもしれません。

令和2(2020)年、国際的な医学雑誌に、興味深い論文が掲載されました。認知症になりやすいリスクを数値化したものです。それによると、認知症のリスク因子は教育不足が7%。中年期以降に加わるリスクは難聴(8%)、頭部外傷(3%)、高血圧(2%)など。高齢期以降に加わるリスクは喫煙(5%)、うつ(4%)、社会的孤立(4%)、運動不足(2%)など。これらのリスクを減らせば、認知症を40%ほど予防する効果が期待できるのだそうです。

つまり、高齢になったから認知症を予防しようというのでは遅いということ。食生活や運動は子供の頃からの習慣が影響します。40~50代から意識して対策することが必要です。「教育」とは「学ぶこと」。いくつになっても新しいことに興味を持ち、勉強を続ける人は認知症になりにくいと、診療の現場で実感しています。

また、中年期以降の難聴が認知症を引き起こすリスクが高いことにも注目です。対策として補聴器の使用がありますが、日本人の使用率は低く、難聴者の約15%というデータも。欧州では同30~50%が補聴器を使っているそうです。高齢者の購入費を補助している自治体もありますので、「最近聞こえが悪いな」と感じたら、医師に相談して購入を検討しましょう。

補聴器は高価だし、なくしそうで…とためらっている人は、まずは外出や会食の際だけでも、3万円程度の集音器を使ってみてはいかがでしょう。以前は「耳から機器が見えるのは、年寄りっぽくて嫌だ」と抵抗する高齢者が多かったように思います。しかし最近は、イヤホンをしたまま歩く若者も増えたので、「あまり目立ちませんよ」とお伝えしています。

このように、患者さんの努力とかかりつけ医の適切な管理によって、認知症になるリスクを低減することができるのです。

(東大病院老年病科 医師 亀山祐美)

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