Τι είναι η ψιττάκωση και πώς μας απειλεί

τι είναι η ψιττάκωση και πώς μας απειλεί

Η γρίπη των πτηνών δεν είναι το μοναδικό πρόβλημα που σχετίζεται με τα άγρια ή οικόσιτα πτηνά.

Η γρίπη των πτηνών (avian flu) δεν είναι το μοναδικό πρόβλημα που σχετίζεται με τα άγρια ή οικόσιτα πτηνά· ούτε οι ψείρες αποτελούν τον μοναδικό πονοκέφαλο σχετικά. Πέρα από τη γρίπη των πτηνών και τις ψείρες των περιστεριών και των πουλερικών, υπάρχει κι άλλος κίνδυνος που, σε αντίθεση με τα προαναφερθέντα, δεν είναι γνωστός στο ευρύ κοινό. Πρόκειται για την ψιττάκωση, μια σχετικά σπάνια νόσο όμοια με τη γρίπη, η οποία ξαναχτύπησε σε ευρωπαϊκές χώρες.

Προκαλείται από το Chlamydia psittaci, ένα μικρόβιο που μεταδίδεται στους ανθρώπους από μολυσμένα πτηνά και προκαλεί άτυπη πνευμονία με κεφαλαλγία, φαρυγγαλγία, πυρετό και ρίγη, βήχα, ανορεξία, μυαλγίες και άλλα μη ειδικά συμπτώματα. Η ψιττάκωση θεραπεύεται με τετρακυκλίνες και η αντιμετώπισή της μπορεί να δυσκολέψει όταν καταγράφονται ελλείψεις σε κοινής χρήσης αντιβιοτικά, καθώς οι τετρακυκλίνες ανήκουν στην κυριολεξία στην πρώτη γραμμή.

Η μετάδοσή της συμβαίνει κατά κανόνα όταν το άτομο εκτίθεται σε εκκρίσεις του άρρωστου πτηνού και περισσότερο κινδυνεύουν οι εργαζόμενοι σε καταστήματα κατοικίδιων ζώων και σε μονάδες κτηνοτροφίας, οι κτηνίατροι και όσοι απασχολούνται σε οργανισμούς και καταφύγια περίθαλψης άγριων πτηνών

Ας δούμε όμως το χρονικό του νέου αυτού υγειονομικού πονοκεφάλου: Τον περασμένο Φεβρουάριο, στην Αυστρία, στη Δανία, στη Γερμανία, στη Σουηδία και στην Ολλανδία καταγράφηκε ανησυχητική αύξηση των κρουσμάτων ψιττάκωσης μέσω του Συστήματος Έγκαιρης Προειδοποίησης και Απόκρισης της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (Early Warning and Response System-EWRS). Η αύξηση αφορούσε όλη την περασμένη χρονιά (2023) και το πρώτο διάστημα του τρέχοντος έτους, ενώ η κορύφωσή της παρατηρήθηκε τον Νοέμβριο και τον Δεκέμβριο του 2023. Παράλληλα, καταγράφηκαν 5 θάνατοι ασθενών, γεγονός που χτύπησε υγειονομικό συναγερμό. Σε όλα τα περιστατικά αναφέρθηκε έκθεση του ασθενούς σε πτηνά της άγριας ζωής ή φάρμας, ή σε κλουβιά – η ψιττάκωση αποτελεί αναπνευστική λοίμωξη που συχνά προσβάλλει πτηνά.

Η μετάδοσή της συμβαίνει κατά κανόνα όταν το άτομο εκτίθεται σε εκκρίσεις του άρρωστου πτηνού και περισσότερο κινδυνεύουν οι εργαζόμενοι σε καταστήματα κατοικίδιων ζώων και σε μονάδες κτηνοτροφίας, οι κτηνίατροι και όσοι απασχολούνται σε οργανισμούς και καταφύγια περίθαλψης άγριων πτηνών (για παράδειγμα, στην πατρίδα μας υπάρχει η Οργάνωση ΑΝΙΜΑ). Επίσης, μπορούν να προσβληθούν οι άνθρωποι που έχουν άγρια πτηνά στην ιδιοκτησία τους, οι εργαζόμενοι σε πάρκα άγριας ζωής και όσοι ασχολούνται επαγγελματικά ή ερασιτεχνικά με την κηπουρική σε περιοχές όπου το παθογόνο C. psittaci ενδημεί στον πληθυσμό των πτηνών τους.

Εδώ αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι η αύξηση των περιστατικών καταγράφηκε σε ιδιαίτερα αναπτυγμένες χώρες της κραταιής Ευρώπης, οι οποίες διακρίνονται για τα εύρωστα συστήματα υγείας που διαθέτουν. Τα κράτη που προαναφέρθηκαν εφάρμοσαν επιδημιολογικές μελέτες για να αναγνωρίσουν τα clusters των κρουσμάτων, δηλαδή τα σχετιζόμενα μεταξύ τους κρούσματα.

Επιπλέον, έστειλαν για ανάλυση δείγματα σχετικά με τη γρίπη των πτηνών, προκειμένου να διαπιστωθεί η ύπαρξη του μικροβίου C. psittaci στα άγρια πτηνά. Ο Παγκόσμιος Οργανισμός Υγείας παρακολουθεί στενά την κατάσταση και την εξέλιξή της, ενώ, βάσει των διαθέσιμων έως τώρα στοιχείων, ο κίνδυνος κρίνεται χαμηλός.

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